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Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea palupalu hou no nā mea lapaʻau a me nā noi biomedical, ʻo ke ʻano piha o ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me ka mechanical he mea nui a paʻakikī hoʻi. Ua hoʻopili ʻia kahi ʻenehana nanoindentation microscopy ikaika atomika i hoʻololi ʻia (AFM) e wehewehe i ka modulus ʻili haʻahaʻa loa o ka lehfilcon A biomimetic silicone hydrogel contact lehfilcon A hou i uhi ʻia me kahi papa o nā ʻano palaki polymer branched. ʻAe kēia ʻano hana i ka hoʻoholo pololei ʻana o nā wahi pili me ka ʻole o nā hopena o ka extrusion viscous i ka wā e hoʻokokoke aku ai i nā polymers branched. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā ʻano mechanical o nā mea palaki pākahi me ka ʻole o ka hopena o ka poroelasticity. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma ke koho ʻana i kahi probe AFM me kahi hoʻolālā (ka nui o ka tip, ke geometry a me ka helu puna) i kūpono loa no ke ana ʻana i nā waiwai o nā mea palupalu a me nā laʻana biological. Hoʻomaikaʻi kēia ʻano hana i ka ʻike a me ka pololei no ke ana pololei ʻana o ka mea palupalu loa lehfilcon A, nona ka modulus haʻahaʻa loa o ka elasticity ma ka ʻili (a hiki i ka 2 kPa) a me ka elasticity kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o ke kaiapuni wai kūloko (kokoke i ka 100%). ʻAʻole wale nā ​​hopena o ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻili i hōʻike i nā waiwai ʻili palupalu loa o ka lehfilcon A lens, akā ua hōʻike pū ʻia hoʻi ua like ka modulus o nā pulumu polymer lālā me ko ka substrate silicon-hydrogen. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻano hana ʻili i nā mea palupalu loa ʻē aʻe a me nā mea lapaʻau.
Hoʻoholo pinepine ʻia nā ʻano mechanical o nā mea i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana me nā ʻiʻo ola e ke kaiapuni ola. ʻO ke kūlike kūpono o kēia mau ʻano mea e kōkua i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā ʻano lapaʻau i makemake ʻia o ka mea me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā pane cellular maikaʻi ʻole1,2,3. No nā mea homogeneous nui, maʻalahi ke ʻano o nā waiwai mechanical ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaʻina hana maʻamau a me nā ʻano hoʻāʻo (e laʻa, microindentation4,5,6). Eia nō naʻe, no nā mea palupalu loa e like me nā gels, hydrogels, biopolymers, cell ola, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole pili kēia mau ʻano hoʻāʻo ma muli o nā palena hoʻonā ana a me ka inhomogeneity o kekahi mau mea7. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻololi ʻia a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano indentation kuʻuna e wehewehe i kahi ākea o nā mea palupalu, akā nui nā ʻano hana e ʻeha nei i nā hemahema koʻikoʻi e kaupalena ana i kā lākou hoʻohana8,9,10,11,12,13. ʻO ka nele o nā ʻano hoʻāʻo kūikawā e hiki ke wehewehe pololei a hilinaʻi i nā ʻano mechanical o nā mea supersoft a me nā papa ʻili e kaupalena nui i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā noi like ʻole.
Ma kā mākou hana ma mua, ua hoʻolauna mākou i ka lens hoʻopili lehfilcon A (CL), kahi mea palupalu heterogeneous me nā waiwai ʻili palupalu loa i loaʻa mai nā hoʻolālā biomimetic hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia e ka ʻili o ka cornea o ka maka. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia biomaterial ma ke kāpili ʻana i kahi papa polymer lālā, cross-linked o poly(2-methacryloyloxyethylphosphorylcholine (MPC)) (PMPC) ma luna o kahi silicone hydrogel (SiHy) 15 i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā mea lapaʻau e pili ana i. Hoʻokumu kēia kaʻina hana kāpili i kahi papa ma ka ʻili i haku ʻia me kahi ʻano pulupulu polymeric lālā palupalu loa a elastic loa. Ua hōʻoia kā mākou hana ma mua e hāʻawi ka ʻano biomimetic o lehfilcon A CL i nā waiwai ʻili maikaʻi loa e like me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka pulupulu a me ka fouling, hoʻonui i ka lubricity, a me ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka cell a me ka bacteria adhesion15,16. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mea biomimetic e hōʻike pū ana i ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i nā mea hana biomedical ʻē aʻe. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ke wehewehe ʻana i nā waiwai o ka ʻili o kēia mea palupalu loa a hoʻomaopopo i kāna pilina mechanical me ka maka i mea e hana ai i kahi waihona ʻike piha e kākoʻo i nā hoʻomohala a me nā noi e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā aniani hoʻopili SiHy i loaʻa i ke kālepa ua hana ʻia me kahi hui like o nā polymers hydrophilic a me hydrophobic e hana ana i kahi ʻano mea like17. Ua hana ʻia kekahi mau haʻawina e noiʻi i kā lākou mau waiwai mechanical me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hoʻāʻo compression, tensile a me microindentation kuʻuna18,19,20,21. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻolālā biomimetic hou o lehfilcon A CL e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea heterogeneous kū hoʻokahi kahi e ʻokoʻa ai nā waiwai mechanical o nā ʻano palaki polymer branched mai nā mea o ka substrate kumu SiHy. No laila, he mea paʻakikī loa ke helu pololei i kēia mau waiwai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano maʻamau a me nā indentation. Hoʻohana kahi ʻano hoʻohiki i ke ʻano hoʻāʻo nanoindentation i hoʻokō ʻia ma ka microscopy ikaika atomika (AFM), kahi ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo i nā waiwai mechanical o nā mea viscoelastic palupalu e like me nā cell biological a me nā ʻiʻo, a me nā polymers palupalu22,23,24,25. ,26,27,28,29,30. Ma ka nanoindentation AFM, ua hui pū ʻia nā kumu o ka hoʻāʻo nanoindentation me nā holomua hou loa i ka ʻenehana AFM e hāʻawi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike ana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o kahi ākea o nā mea supersoft31,32,33,34,35,36. Eia kekahi, hāʻawi ka ʻenehana i nā pono koʻikoʻi ʻē aʻe ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā geometries like ʻole. indenter a me ka probe a me ka hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia ma nā ʻano wai like ʻole.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka nanoindentation AFM i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana nui: (1) nā lako (nā mea ʻike, nā mea ʻike, nā probes, a pēlā aku); (2) nā palena ana (e like me ka ikaika, ka neʻe ʻana, ka wikiwiki, ka nui o ke alapiʻi, a pēlā aku); (3) Ka hana ʻikepili (hoʻoponopono kumu, ka helu ʻana i ka helu paʻi, ke kūpono ʻana o ka ʻikepili, ke hoʻohālike ʻana, a pēlā aku). ʻO kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi me kēia ʻano hana, ʻo ia ka nui o nā haʻawina i loko o nā palapala e hoʻohana ana i ka nanoindentation AFM e hōʻike ana i nā hopena quantitative like ʻole no ka ʻano like o ka laʻana/kelepona/mea37,38,39,40,41. No ka laʻana, ua aʻo ʻia a hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka mana o ke ʻano o ka probe AFM ma ka modulus Young i ana ʻia o nā laʻana o ka hydrogel homogeneous mechanically a me nā cell heterogeneous. Hōʻike lākou he hilinaʻi nui nā waiwai modulus i ke koho cantilever a me ke ʻano o ka piko, me ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa no kahi probe pyramid-shaped a me ka waiwai haʻahaʻa loa o 42 no kahi probe spherical. Pēlā nō, ʻo Selhuber-Unkel et al. Ua hōʻike ʻia pehea e hoʻopilikia ai ka wikiwiki o ka indenter, ka nui o ka indenter a me ka mānoanoa o nā laʻana polyacrylamide (PAAM) i ka modulus Young i ana ʻia e ka ACM43 nanoindentation. ʻO kekahi mea paʻakikī ʻo ia ka nele o nā mea hoʻāʻo modulus haʻahaʻa loa a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo manuahi. He mea paʻakikī loa kēia e loaʻa ai nā hopena pololei me ka hilinaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, he mea pono loa ke ʻano no nā ana pili a me nā loiloi hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā ʻano laʻana like, no ka laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka AFM nanoindentation e hoʻokaʻawale i nā cell maʻamau mai nā cell maʻi kanesa 44, 45.
I ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā mea palupalu me ka nanoindentation AFM, ʻo kahi lula maʻamau o ka manamana nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe me kahi mau puna haʻahaʻa (k) e kūlike pono ana i ka modulus laʻana a me kahi piko hemispherical/poepoe i ʻole e hou ka probe mua i nā ʻili laʻana ma ka hoʻopili mua ʻana me nā mea palupalu. He mea nui hoʻi e ikaika ka hōʻailona deflection i hana ʻia e ka probe e ʻike ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana ʻike laser24,34,46,47. I ke ʻano o nā cell heterogeneous ultra-soft, nā ʻiʻo a me nā gels, ʻo kekahi pilikia ʻē aʻe ka lanakila ʻana i ka ikaika hoʻopili ma waena o ka probe a me ka ʻili laʻana e hōʻoia i nā ana hana hou a hilinaʻi hoʻi48,49,50. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka hana ma ka nanoindentation AFM ua kālele ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano mechanical o nā cell biological, nā ʻiʻo, nā gels, nā hydrogels, a me nā biomolecules e hoʻohana ana i nā probes spherical nui, i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo colloidal probes (CPs). , 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55. He radius kēia mau wēlau o 1 a 50 µm a hana pinepine ʻia mai ke aniani borosilicate, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), silicon dioxide (SiO2) a me ke kalapona daimana-like (DLC). ʻOiai ʻo ka CP-AFM nanoindentation ka mea mua loa no ke ʻano o ka laʻana palupalu, he mau pilikia a me nā palena kona. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wēlau spherical nui, micron-sized e hoʻonui i ka wahi pili o ka wēlau me ka laʻana a hopena i ka nalowale nui o ka hoʻonā spatial. No nā specimens palupalu, inhomogeneous, kahi e ʻokoʻa ai nā waiwai mechanical o nā mea kūloko mai ka awelika ma luna o kahi ākea, hiki i ka CP indentation ke hūnā i kekahi inhomogeneity i nā waiwai ma kahi unahi kūloko52. Hana pinepine ʻia nā probes colloidal ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā spheres colloidal micron-sized i nā cantilevers tipless me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili epoxy. ʻO ke kaʻina hana ponoʻī ua piha i nā pilikia he nui a hiki ke alakaʻi i nā kūlike ʻole i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoponopono probe. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui a me ka nui o nā ʻāpana colloidal e hoʻopilikia pololei i nā palena hoʻoponopono nui o ka cantilever, e like me ke alapine resonant, ka paʻakikī o ka pūnāwai, a me ka ʻike deflection56,57,58. No laila, ʻo nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia no nā probes AFM maʻamau, e like me ka hoʻoponopono mahana, ʻaʻole paha e hāʻawi i kahi calibration pololei no CP, a pono paha nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e hana i kēia mau hoʻoponopono57, 59, 60, 61. Hoʻohana nā hoʻokolohua indentation CP maʻamau i nā cantilever deviations nui e aʻo i nā waiwai o nā laʻana palupalu, kahi e hana ai i kahi pilikia ʻē aʻe i ka wā e calibrating ai i ke ʻano non-linear o ka cantilever ma nā deviations nui62,63,64. ʻO nā ʻano indentation probe colloidal hou e noʻonoʻo pinepine i ke geometry o ka cantilever i hoʻohana ʻia e calibrate i ka probe, akā hoʻowahāwahā i ka mana o nā ʻāpana colloidal, kahi e hana ai i ka maopopo ʻole hou aʻe i ka pololei o ke ʻano38,61. Pēlā nō, ʻo nā moduli elastic i helu ʻia e ke kūpono ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike pili e hilinaʻi pololei ʻia ana i ke geometry o ka indentation probe, a ʻo ka mismatch ma waena o nā ʻano o ka piko a me ka ʻili o ka laʻana hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hewa27, 65, 66, 67, 68. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau hana hou na Spencer et al. ʻO nā mea e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e wehewehe ai i nā pulumu polymer palupalu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano nanoindentation CP-AFM. Ua hōʻike lākou ʻo ka paʻa ʻana o kahi wai viscous i loko o nā pulumu polymer ma ke ʻano he hana o ka wikiwiki e hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ke poʻo a no laila nā ana like ʻole o nā waiwai e hilinaʻi ana i ka wikiwiki30,69,70,71.
Ma kēia haʻawina, ua wehewehe mākou i ka modulus ʻili o ka mea palupalu loa lehfilcon A CL me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano nanoindentation AFM i hoʻololi ʻia. Hāʻawi ʻia i nā waiwai a me ke ʻano hou o kēia mea, ʻaʻole lawa ka laulā ʻike o ke ʻano indentation kuʻuna e wehewehe i ka modulus o kēia mea palupalu loa, no laila pono e hoʻohana i kahi ʻano nanoindentation AFM me ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻike haʻahaʻa. pae. Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā hemahema a me nā pilikia o nā ʻenehana nanoindentation probe colloidal AFM e kū nei, hōʻike mākou i ke kumu i koho ai mākou i kahi probe AFM liʻiliʻi, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopau i ka ʻike, ka walaʻau hope, ka kiko kiko o ka hoʻopili ʻana, ke ana ʻana i ka modulus wikiwiki o nā mea heterogeneous palupalu e like me ka hilinaʻi paʻa wai. a me ka helu pololei. Eia kekahi, ua hiki iā mākou ke ana pololei i ke ʻano a me nā ana o ka piko indentation, e ʻae ana iā mākou e hoʻohana i ke kumu hoʻohālike kūpono cone-sphere e hoʻoholo i ka modulus o ka elasticity me ka ʻole o ka loiloi ʻana i ka wahi hoʻopili o ka piko me ka mea. ʻO nā manaʻo huna ʻelua i helu ʻia ma kēia hana ʻo ia nā waiwai mea elastic piha a me ka modulus hohonu-kūʻokoʻa indentation. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana, ua hoʻāʻo mua mākou i nā kūlana palupalu loa me kahi modulus i ʻike ʻia e helu i ke ʻano hana, a laila hoʻohana i kēia ʻano hana e wehewehe i nā ʻili o ʻelua mau mea lens pili like ʻole. Manaʻo ʻia kēia ʻano hana o ke wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻili nanoindentation AFM me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka ʻike e pili ana i kahi ākea o nā mea biomimetic heterogeneous ultrasoft me ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea lapaʻau a me nā noi biomedical.
Ua koho ʻia nā aniani hoʻopili Lehfilcon A (Alcon, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) a me kā lākou mau substrates silicone hydrogel no nā hoʻokolohua nanoindentation. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mauna aniani i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia i ka hoʻokolohua. No ke kau ʻana i ka aniani no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua kau pono ʻia ma luna o ke kū ʻano dome, e hōʻoia ana ʻaʻole i komo nā pehu ea i loko, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā kihi. ʻO kahi lua i loko o ka mea paʻa ma luna o ka mea paʻa lens e hāʻawi i ke komo ʻana i ke kikowaena optical o ka lens no nā hoʻokolohua nanoindentation ʻoiai e paʻa ana i ka wai ma kahi. Mālama kēia i nā aniani i ka hydrated piha. Ua hoʻohana ʻia he 500 μl o ka hopena hoʻopili aniani hoʻopili ma ke ʻano he hopena hoʻāʻo. No ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā hopena quantitative, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā polyacrylamide (PAAM) hydrogels i hoʻāla ʻole ʻia i loaʻa ma ke kālepa mai kahi hui polyacrylamide-co-methylene-bisacrylamide (100 mm Petrisoft Petri dishes, Matrigen, Irvine, CA, USA), kahi modulus elastic i ʻike ʻia o 1 kPa. E hoʻohana i 4-5 kulu (ma kahi o 125 µl) o ka phosphate buffered saline (PBS mai Corning Life Sciences, Tewkesbury, MA, USA) a me 1 kulu o ka OPTI-FREE Puremoist contact lens solution (Alcon, Vaud, TX, USA). ) ma ka AFM hydrogel-probe interface.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā laʻana o nā substrates Lehfilcon A CL a me SiHy me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana FEI Quanta 250 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG SEM) i lako me kahi mea ʻike Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM). No ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā laʻana, ua holoi mua ʻia nā aniani me ka wai a ʻokiʻoki ʻia i loko o nā wedges pai. No ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi ʻokoʻa like ʻole ma waena o nā ʻāpana hydrophilic a me hydrophobic o nā laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hopena paʻa 0.10% o RuO4 ma ke ʻano he dye, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai nā laʻana no 30 min. He mea nui ka hoʻoluʻu lehfilcon A CL RuO4 ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa like ʻole i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, akā kōkua pū kekahi i ka mālama ʻana i ke ʻano o nā pulumu polymer lālā i ko lākou ʻano mua, a laila ʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻi STEM. A laila ua holoi ʻia a hoʻomaloʻo ʻia i loko o kahi moʻo o nā hui ethanol/wai me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka ethanol. A laila ua hoʻolei ʻia nā laʻana me ka EMBed 812/Araldite epoxy, kahi i hoʻōla ʻia i ka pō ma 70°C. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā poloka laʻana i loaʻa ma o ka polymerization resin me kahi ultramicrotome, a ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana lahilahi i loaʻa me kahi mea ʻike STEM ma ke ʻano vacuum haʻahaʻa ma kahi volta wikiwiki o 30 kV. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana SEM like no ka wehewehe kikoʻī ʻana o ka probe PFQNM-LC-A-CAL AFM (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA, USA). Ua loaʻa nā kiʻi SEM o ka probe AFM ma ke ʻano vacuum kiʻekiʻe maʻamau me kahi volta wikiwiki o 30 kV. E kiʻi i nā kiʻi ma nā kihi like ʻole a me nā hoʻonui e hoʻopaʻa i nā kikoʻī āpau o ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka piko probe AFM. Ua ana ʻia nā ana wela āpau o nā kiʻi ma ke ʻano kikohoʻe.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi microscope atomic force Dimension FastScan Bio Icon (Bruker Nano, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) me ke ʻano "PeakForce QNM in Fluid" e nānā a nanoindentate i nā laʻana lehfilcon A CL, SiHy substrate, a me PAAm hydrogel. No nā hoʻokolohua kiʻi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi probe PEAKFORCE-HIRS-FA (Bruker) me kahi radius tip nominal o 1 nm e hopu i nā kiʻi hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o ka laʻana ma kahi wikiwiki scan o 0.50 Hz. Ua lawe ʻia nā kiʻi a pau i loko o kahi hopena wai.
Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua nanoindentation AFM me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe PFQNM-LC-A-CAL (Bruker). Loaʻa i ka probe AFM kahi piko silicon ma kahi cantilever nitride 345 nm ka mānoanoa, 54 µm ka lōʻihi a me 4.5 µm ka laulā me kahi alapine resonant o 45 kHz. Ua hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia e wehewehe a hana i nā ana nanomechanical quantitative ma nā laʻana biological palupalu. Hoʻoponopono pākahi ʻia nā sensor ma ka hale hana me nā hoʻonohonoho puna i hoʻoponopono mua ʻia. ʻO nā kūpaʻa puna o nā probes i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina aia ma ka pae o 0.05-0.1 N/m. No ka hoʻoholo pololei ʻana i ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka piko, ua wehewehe kikoʻī ʻia ka probe me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā SEM. Ma ke kiʻi. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1a i kahi micrograph electron scanning hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe, hoʻonui haʻahaʻa o ka probe PFQNM-LC-A-CAL, e hāʻawi ana i kahi hiʻohiʻona holoʻokoʻa o ka hoʻolālā probe. Ma ke kiʻi. Hōʻike ka 1b i kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻonui ʻia o ka piko o ka piko probe, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka piko. Ma ka hopena loa, he hemisphere ka nila ma kahi o 140 nm ke anawaena (Kiʻi 1c). Ma lalo o kēia, e emi ana ka piko i loko o ke ʻano conical, e hiki ana i ka lōʻihi i ana ʻia ma kahi o 500 nm. Ma waho o ka ʻāpana tapering, he cylindrical ka piko a hoʻopau i ka lōʻihi o ka piko o 1.18 µm. ʻO kēia ka ʻāpana hana nui o ka piko probe. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi probe polystyrene spherical (PS) nui (Novascan Technologies, Inc., Boone, Iowa, USA) me ke anawaena o ka piko o 45 µm a me kahi kumu puna o 2 N/m no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma ke ʻano he probe colloidal. me ka probe PFQNM-LC-A-CAL 140 nm no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana.
Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka wai ma waena o ka probe AFM a me ke ʻano polymer brush i ka wā o ka nanoindentation, kahi e hoʻokau ai i kahi ikaika i luna ma ka probe AFM ma mua o ka hoʻopā ʻana i ka ʻili69. ʻO kēia hopena extrusion viscous ma muli o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kiko o ka hoʻopili ʻana, no laila e hoʻopilikia ana i nā ana modulus o ka ʻili. No ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ke geometry probe a me ka wikiwiki indentation ma ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai, ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā pihi ikaika indentation no nā laʻana lehfilcon A CL me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe diameter 140 nm ma nā helu neʻe mau o 1 µm/s a me 2 µm/s. diameter probe 45 µm, hoʻonohonoho ikaika paʻa 6 nN i loaʻa ma 1 µm/s. Ua hoʻokō ʻia nā hoʻokolohua me kahi probe 140 nm ke anawaena ma ka wikiwiki indentation o 1 µm/s a me kahi ikaika i hoʻonohonoho ʻia o 300 pN, i koho ʻia e hana i kahi kaomi hoʻopili i loko o ka pae physiological (1-8 kPa) o ka lihilihi luna. kaomi 72. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā hāpana palupalu i hana mua ʻia o ka hydrogel PAA me ke kaomi o 1 kPa no ka ikaika indentation o 50 pN ma ka wikiwiki o 1 μm/s me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe me ke anawaena o 140 nm.
ʻOiai ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāpana conical o ka piko o ka probe PFQNM-LC-A-CAL ma kahi o 500 nm, no kekahi hohonu indentation < 500 nm hiki ke manaʻo palekana ʻia e noho mau ana ke ʻano o ka probe i ka wā o ka indentation i kona ʻano cone. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike ka ʻili o ka mea i hoʻāʻo ʻia i kahi pane elastic reversible, e hōʻoia ʻia hoʻi ma nā ʻāpana aʻe. No laila, ma muli o ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka piko, ua koho mākou i ke kumu hoʻohālike cone-sphere i hoʻomohala ʻia e Briscoe, Sebastian lāua ʻo Adams, i loaʻa i ka polokalamu o ka mea kūʻai aku, e hana i kā mākou mau hoʻokolohua AFM nanoindentation (NanoScope). Polokalamu loiloi ʻikepili hoʻokaʻawale, Bruker) 73. Hōʻike ke kumu hoʻohālike i ka pilina ikaika-neʻe F(δ) no kahi cone me kahi kīnā apex spherical. Ma ke kiʻi. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 2 i ke ʻano hoʻopili i ka wā o ka launa pū ʻana o kahi cone paʻa me kahi piko poepoe, kahi ʻo R ka radius o ka piko poepoe, ʻo a ka radius hoʻopili, ʻo b ka radius hoʻopili ma ka hopena o ka piko poepoe, ʻo δ ka radius hoʻopili. hohonu indentation, ʻo θ ka hapalua kihi o ka cone. Hōʻike maopopo ke kiʻi SEM o kēia probe e hui pū ana ka piko poepoe 140 nm diameter i loko o kahi cone, no laila ma aneʻi ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo b ma o R wale nō, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo b = R cos θ. Hāʻawi ka polokalamu i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea kūʻai aku i kahi pilina cone-sphere e helu i nā waiwai modulus (E) a Young mai ka ʻikepili hoʻokaʻawale ikaika me ka manaʻo he a > b. Pilina:
kahi ʻo F ka ikaika indentation, ʻo E ka modulus o Young, ʻo ν ka lakio o Poisson. Hiki ke kuhi ʻia ka radius pili a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i:
ʻO ke kiʻikuhi o ke ʻano hoʻopili o kahi cone paʻa me kahi wēlau poepoe i paʻi ʻia i loko o ka mea o kahi aniani hoʻopili Lefilcon me kahi papa ʻili o nā pulumu polymer lālā.
Inā ʻo a ≤ b, e emi ana ka pilina i ka hoohalike no kahi indenter poepoe maʻamau;
Manaʻo mākou ʻo ka pilina o ka probe indenting me ke ʻano lālā o ka pulumu polymer PMPC e hoʻonui ai i ka radius hoʻopili a ma mua o ka radius hoʻopili poepoe b. No laila, no nā ana quantitative āpau o ka modulus elastic i hana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina, ua hoʻohana mākou i ka hilinaʻi i loaʻa no ka hihia a > b.
Ua kiʻi piha ʻia nā mea biomimetic ultrasoft i aʻo ʻia ma kēia haʻawina me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microscopy electron transmission scanning (STEM) o ka ʻāpana kea laʻana a me ka microscopy ikaika atomika (AFM) o ka ʻili. Ua hana ʻia kēia ʻano kikoʻī o ka ʻili ma ke ʻano he hoʻonui ʻana i kā mākou hana i paʻi mua ʻia, kahi a mākou i hoʻoholo ai ua hōʻike ka ʻano palaki polymeric branched dynamically o ka ʻili lehfilcon A CL i hoʻololi ʻia e PMPC i nā waiwai mechanical like me ka ʻiʻo corneal maoli 14. No kēia kumu, ke kuhikuhi nei mākou i nā ʻili lens hoʻopili ma ke ʻano he mau mea biomimetic14. Ma ke kiʻi. 3a,b e hōʻike i nā ʻāpana kea o nā ʻano palaki polymer PMPC branched ma ka ʻili o kahi substrate lehfilcon A CL a me kahi substrate SiHy i mālama ʻole ʻia. Ua kālailai hou ʻia nā ʻili o nā laʻana ʻelua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi AFM hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe, kahi i hōʻoia hou ai i nā hopena o ka loiloi STEM (Kiʻi 3c, d). I ka hui pū ʻana, hāʻawi kēia mau kiʻi i kahi lōʻihi kokoke o ka ʻano palaki polymer branched PMPC ma 300-400 nm, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ana nanoindentation AFM. ʻO kekahi ʻike koʻikoʻi i loaʻa mai nā kiʻi, ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano o ka ʻili holoʻokoʻa o ka mea biomimetic CL mai ko ka mea substrate SiHy. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa i ko lākou ʻano o ka ʻili i ka wā o kā lākou pilina mechanical me ka indenting AFM probe a ma hope iho i nā waiwai modulus i ana ʻia.
Nā kiʻi STEM ʻāpana kea o (a) lehfilcon A CL a me (b) substrate SiHy. Pā unahi, 500 nm. Nā kiʻi AFM o ka ʻili o ka substrate lehfilcon A CL (c) a me ke kumu substrate SiHy (d) (3 µm × 3 µm).
He palupalu maoli nā polymers Bioinspired a me nā ʻano polymer brush a ua aʻo nui ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi biomedical like ʻole74,75,76,77. No laila, he mea nui e hoʻohana i ke ʻano AFM nanoindentation, hiki ke ana pololei a hilinaʻi i ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical. Akā i ka manawa like, ʻo nā waiwai kūikawā o kēia mau mea palupalu loa, e like me ka modulus elastic haʻahaʻa loa, ka nui o ka wai a me ka elasticity kiʻekiʻe, pinepine ia e paʻakikī ke koho i ka mea kūpono, ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka probe indenting. ka nui. He mea nui kēia i ʻole e hou ka indenter i ka ʻili palupalu o ka laʻana, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā hewa i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kiko o ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka ʻili a me ka wahi o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
No kēia, he mea nui ka ʻike piha ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mea biomimetic palupalu loa (lehfilcon A CL). ʻO ka ʻike e pili ana i ka nui a me ke ʻano o nā pulumu polymer lālā i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana kiʻi e hāʻawi i ke kumu no ke ʻano mechanical o ka ʻili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana nanoindentation AFM. Ma kahi o nā probes colloidal spherical micron-sized, ua koho mākou i ka PFQNM-LC-A-CAL silicon nitride probe (Bruker) me ke anawaena piko o 140 nm, i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia no ka palapala ʻāina quantitative o nā waiwai mechanical o nā laʻana biological 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke kumu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā probes ʻoi loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā probes colloidal maʻamau e nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻonohonoho o ka mea. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka nui o ka piko o ka probe (~140 nm) me nā pulumu polymer lālā ma ka ʻili o CL lehfilcon A, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 3a, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ua lawa ka nui o ka piko e hoʻopili pololei me kēia mau ʻano pulumu, kahi e hōʻemi ai i ka manawa kūpono o ka piko e hou ana ma o lākou. No ka hoʻākāka ʻana i kēia kiko, ma ke Kiʻi 4 he kiʻi STEM o ka lehfilcon A CL a me ka piko indenting o ka probe AFM (i huki ʻia i ka unahi).
Kiʻi e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻi STEM o lehfilcon A CL a me kahi probe indentation ACM (i huki ʻia i ka unahi).
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o ka piko o 140 nm ua lawa ka liʻiliʻi e pale aku i ka pilikia o kekahi o nā hopena extrusion sticky i hōʻike mua ʻia no nā pulumu polymer i hana ʻia e ke ʻano nanoindentation CP-AFM69,71. Manaʻo mākou ma muli o ke ʻano cone-spherical kūikawā a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o kēia piko AFM (Kiʻi 1), ʻaʻole e hilinaʻi ke ʻano o ka piʻo ikaika i hana ʻia e ka lehfilcon A CL nanoindentation i ka wikiwiki indentation a i ʻole ka wikiwiki hoʻouka/unloading. No laila, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā hopena poroelastic. No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kēia kuhiakau, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana lehfilcon A CL ma kahi ikaika paʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe PFQNM-LC-A-CAL, akā ma ʻelua mau wikiwiki like ʻole, a ua hoʻohana ʻia nā piʻo ikaika tensile a me retract e hoʻolālā i ka ikaika (nN) i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana (µm) e hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5a. Ua maopopo he pili loa nā piʻo ikaika i ka wā o ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a ʻaʻohe hōʻike maopopo e hoʻonui ana ka ʻoki ʻana o ka ikaika ma ka hohonu indentation zero me ka wikiwiki indentation ma ke kiʻi, e hōʻike ana ua wehewehe ʻia nā mea palaki pākahi me ka ʻole o ka hopena poroelastic. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā hopena paʻa wai (nā hopena extrusion viscous a me ka poroelasticity) no ka probe AFM diameter 45 µm ma ka wikiwiki indentation like a ua hōʻike ʻia e ka hysteresis ma waena o nā piʻo hohola a me ka retract, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5b. Kākoʻo kēia mau hopena i ka manaʻo a hōʻike he koho maikaʻi nā probe diameter 140 nm no ke ʻano o ia mau ʻili palupalu.
ʻO ke kaha indentation lehfilcon A CL e hoʻohana ana iā ACM; (a) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe me ke anawaena o 140 nm ma nā helu hoʻouka ʻelua, e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi hopena poroelastic i ka wā o ka indentation ʻili; (b) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā probes me ke anawaena o 45 µm a me 140 nm. hōʻike ʻo s i nā hopena o ka extrusion viscous a me ka poroelasticity no nā probes nui i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā probes liʻiliʻi.
No ke ʻano o nā ʻili palupalu loa, pono nā ʻano hana nanoindentation AFM i ka probe maikaʻi loa e aʻo ai i nā waiwai o ka mea i aʻo ʻia. Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka piko, ʻo ka ʻike o ka ʻōnaehana ʻike AFM, ka ʻike i ka deflection tip i loko o ke kaiapuni hoʻāʻo, a me ka paʻakikī o ka cantilever e pāʻani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka pololei a me ka hilinaʻi o nā ana nanoindentation. No kā mākou ʻōnaehana AFM, ʻo ka palena o ka ʻike ʻana o Position Sensitive Detector (PSD) ma kahi o 0.5 mV a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka helu puna i hoʻoponopono mua ʻia a me ka ʻike deflection wai i helu ʻia o ka probe PFQNM-LC-A-CAL, kahi e kūlike ana i ka ʻike ukana theoretical. emi ma mua o 0.1 pN. No laila, ʻae kēia ʻano hana i ke ana ʻana o ka ikaika indentation liʻiliʻi loa ≤ 0.1 pN me ka ʻole o kekahi ʻāpana walaʻau peripheral. Eia nō naʻe, aneane hiki ʻole i kahi ʻōnaehana AFM ke hōʻemi i ka walaʻau peripheral i kēia pae ma muli o nā mea e like me ka haʻalulu mechanical a me nā dynamics wai. Hoʻopaʻa kēia mau mea i ka ʻike holoʻokoʻa o ke ʻano nanoindentation AFM a hopena pū kekahi i kahi hōʻailona walaʻau hope ma kahi o ≤ 10 pN. No ke ʻano o ka ʻili, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana substrate lehfilcon A CL a me SiHy ma lalo o nā kūlana hydrated piha me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe 140 nm no ke ʻano SEM, a ua hoʻohui ʻia nā piʻo ikaika hopena ma waena o ka ikaika (pN) a me ke kaomi. Hōʻike ʻia ka pakuhi hoʻokaʻawale (µm) ma ke Kiʻi 6a. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka substrate kumu SiHy, hōʻike maopopo ka piʻo ikaika lehfilcon A CL i kahi pae hoʻololi e hoʻomaka ana ma ke kiko o ka hoʻopili ʻana me ka pulupulu polymer forked a hoʻopau me kahi hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka māka pali o ka piko me ka mea ma lalo. Hōʻike kēia ʻāpana hoʻololi o ka piʻo ikaika i ke ʻano elastic maoli o ka pulupulu polymer branched ma ka ʻili, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana e ka piʻo compression e hahai pono ana i ka piʻo tension a me ka ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai mechanical ma waena o ke ʻano pulupulu a me ka mea SiHy bulky. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā lefilcon. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka lōʻihi awelika o kahi pulumu polymer lālā ma ke kiʻi STEM o ka PCS (Kiʻi 3a) a me kona piʻo ikaika ma ke abscissa ma ke Kiʻi 3a. Hōʻike ʻo 6a hiki i ke ʻano hana ke ʻike i ka piko a me ka polymer lālā e hiki ana i ka piko loa o ka ʻili. Hoʻopili ma waena o nā ʻano pulumu. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka overlap kokoke o nā piʻo ikaika e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe hopena paʻa wai. I kēia hihia, ʻaʻohe loa he pipili ma waena o ka nila a me ka ʻili o ka laʻana. ʻO nā ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe loa o nā piʻo ikaika no nā laʻana ʻelua e overlap, e hōʻike ana i ka like o nā waiwai mechanical o nā mea substrate.
(a) Nā piʻo ikaika nanoindentation AFM no nā substrates lehfilcon A CL a me nā substrates SiHy, (b) nā piʻo ikaika e hōʻike ana i ka manaʻo kiko hoʻopili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano paepae walaʻau hope.
I mea e aʻo ai i nā kikoʻī maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana ikaika, ua hoʻolālā hou ʻia ke kaʻina hana tension o ka laʻana lehfilcon A CL ma ke Kiʻi 6b me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe loa o 50 pN ma ke axis y. Hāʻawi kēia kiʻi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka walaʻau hope mua. Aia ka walaʻau ma ka pae o ±10 pN, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoholo pololei i ke kiko pili a helu i ka hohonu indentation. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala, he mea nui ka ʻike ʻana i nā kiko pili e loiloi pololei i nā waiwai mea e like me modulus85. Ua hōʻike kahi ala e pili ana i ka hana ʻakomi o ka ʻikepili piʻo ikaika i kahi kūpono i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ma waena o ka hoʻokomo ʻikepili a me nā ana quantitative no nā mea palupalu86. Ma kēia hana, ʻo kā mākou koho ʻana i nā kiko pili he maʻalahi a me ka pahuhopu, akā he mau palena kona. ʻO kā mākou ala conservative i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kiko pili e hopena i nā waiwai modulus i hoʻonui iki ʻia no nā hohonu indentation liʻiliʻi (< 100 nm). ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka touchpoint e pili ana i ka algorithm a me ka hana ʻikepili automated hiki ke lilo i hoʻomau o kēia hana i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hoʻomaikaʻi hou aku i kā mākou ʻano hana. No laila, no ka walaʻau hope kūloko ma ke ʻano o ±10 pN, wehewehe mākou i ke kiko pili ma ke ʻano he kiko ʻikepili mua ma ka axis x ma ke Kiʻi 6b me ka waiwai o ≥10 pN. A laila, e like me ka paepae walaʻau o 10 pN, he laina kū pololei ma ka pae o ~0.27 µm e hōʻailona ana i ke kiko o ka pili ʻana me ka ʻili, ma hope o ia mea e hoʻomau ka piʻo hoʻolōʻihi a hiki i ka substrate e hālāwai me ka hohonu indentation o ~270 nm. ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ma muli o ka nui o nā hiʻohiʻona palaki polymer branched (300-400 nm) i ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano kiʻi, ʻo ka hohonu indentation o ka CL lehfilcon ʻO kahi laʻana i ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano paepae walaʻau hope ma kahi o 270 nm, kokoke loa i ka nui ana me STEM. Hōʻoia hou kēia mau hopena i ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka piko probe AFM no ka indentation o kēia ʻano palaki polymer branched palupalu loa a elastic loa. Hāʻawi pū kēia ʻikepili i nā hōʻike ikaika e kākoʻo i kā mākou ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka walaʻau hope ma ke ʻano he paepae no ka kuhikuhi ʻana i nā kiko pili. No laila, pono e pololei loa nā hopena helu i loaʻa mai ke kumu hoʻohālike makemakika a me ke kūpono o ke piʻo ikaika.
ʻO nā ana helu e nā ʻano nanoindentation AFM e hilinaʻi piha ʻia i nā kumu hoʻohālike makemakika i hoʻohana ʻia no ke koho ʻikepili a me ka nānā ʻana ma hope. No laila, he mea nui e noʻonoʻo i nā mea āpau e pili ana i ke koho ʻana o ka indenter, nā waiwai o nā mea a me nā mechanics o kā lākou launa pū ʻana ma mua o ke koho ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike kikoʻī. I kēia hihia, ua wehewehe pono ʻia ke geometry tip me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā micrograph SEM (Kiʻi 1), a ma muli o nā hopena, ʻo ka probe nanoindenting AFM 140 nm diameter me kahi cone paʻakikī a me ke geometry tip spherical he koho maikaʻi ia no ka wehewehe ʻana i nā laʻana lehfilcon A CL79. ʻO kekahi mea nui e pono e loiloi pono ʻia ʻo ia ka elasticity o ka mea polymer e hoʻāʻo ʻia nei. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻikepili mua o ka nanoindentation (Kiʻi 5a a me 6a) e wehewehe pono ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka overlapping o nā piʻo tension a me compression, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻōla piha ʻana o ka elastic o ka mea, he mea nui loa ia e hōʻoia i ke ʻano elastic maoli o nā pilina. No kēia hopena, ua hana ʻia ʻelua mau indentations ma hope ma kahi like ma ka ʻili o ka laʻana lehfilcon A CL ma ka helu indentation o 1 µm/s ma lalo o nā kūlana hydration piha. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili piʻo ikaika hopena ma ke kiʻi 7 a, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ua aneane like nā piʻo hoʻonui a me ke kaomi ʻana o nā paʻi ʻelua, e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka elasticity o ka ʻano pulumu polymer branched.
ʻElua mau piʻo ikaika indentation ma ka wahi like ma ka ʻili o lehfilcon A CL e hōʻike ana i ka elasticity kūpono o ka ʻili lens.
Ma muli o ka ʻike i loaʻa mai nā kiʻi SEM a me STEM o ka piko probe a me ka lehfilcon A CL surface, kēlā me kēia, ʻo ke kumu hoʻohālike cone-sphere kahi hōʻike makemakika kūpono o ka pilina ma waena o ka piko probe AFM a me ka mea polymer palupalu e hoʻāʻo ʻia nei. Eia kekahi, no kēia kumu hoʻohālike cone-sphere, ʻo nā manaʻo kumu e pili ana i nā waiwai elastic o ka mea i paʻi ʻia e paʻa ana no kēia mea biomimetic hou a hoʻohana ʻia e helu i ka modulus elastic.
Ma hope o ka loiloi piha ʻana o ke ʻano nanoindentation AFM a me kāna mau ʻāpana, me nā waiwai probe indentation (ʻano, ka nui, a me ka paʻakikī o ka pūnāwai), ka ʻike (ka walaʻau hope a me ka helu ʻana o ke kiko hoʻopili), a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻohālikelike ʻikepili (nā ana modulus quantitative), ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano. e wehewehe i nā laʻana ultra-soft i loaʻa i ke kālepa e hōʻoia i nā hopena quantitative. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kahi hydrogel polyacrylamide kālepa (PAAM) me kahi modulus elastic o 1 kPa ma lalo o nā kūlana hydrated me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe 140 nm. Hāʻawi ʻia nā kikoʻī o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka module a me nā helu ʻana ma ka ʻIke Hoʻohui. Ua hōʻike nā hopena ʻo ka modulus awelika i ana ʻia he 0.92 kPa, a ʻo ka %RSD a me ka pakeneka (%) ka ʻokoʻa mai ka modulus i ʻike ʻia he emi ma mua o 10%. Hōʻoia kēia mau hopena i ka pololei a me ka hana hou ʻana o ke ʻano nanoindentation AFM i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia hana e ana i nā moduli o nā mea ultrasoft. Ua wehewehe hou ʻia nā ʻili o nā laʻana lehfilcon A CL a me ke kumu SiHy me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano nanoindentation AFM like e aʻo ai i ka modulus pili o ka ʻili ultrasoft ma ke ʻano he hana o ka hohonu indentation. Ua hana ʻia nā pihi hoʻokaʻawale ikaika indentation no ʻekolu mau specimens o kēlā me kēia ʻano (n = 3; hoʻokahi indentation no kēlā me kēia specimen) ma ka ikaika o 300 pN, ka wikiwiki o 1 µm/s, a me ka hydration piha. Ua hoʻokokoke ʻia ka pihi kaʻana like ikaika indentation me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike cone-sphere. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka modulus e pili ana i ka hohonu indentation, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi ʻāpana 40 nm ākea o ka pihi ikaika ma kēlā me kēia piʻi o 20 nm e hoʻomaka ana mai ke kiko o ka hoʻopili ʻana, a ua ana ʻia nā waiwai o ka modulus ma kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu o ka pihi ikaika. Spin Cy et al. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻano like e wehewehe i ka modulus gradient o nā pulumu polymer poly(lauryl methacrylate) (P12MA) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka colloidal AFM probe nanoindentation, a ua kūlike lākou me ka ʻikepili e hoʻohana ana i ke kumu hoʻohālike pili Hertz. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano hana i kahi kiʻi o ka modulus pili maopopo (kPa) e kūʻē i ka hohonu indentation (nm), e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 8, e hōʻike ana i ka modulus pili maopopo/gradient hohonu. ʻO ka modulus elastic i helu ʻia o ka laʻana CL lehfilcon A aia ma ka pae o 2-3 kPa i loko o ka 100 nm kiʻekiʻe o ka laʻana, ma ʻō aku o ia mea e hoʻomaka ai e hoʻonui me ka hohonu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ka wā e hoʻāʻo ai i ka substrate kumu SiHy me ka ʻole o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni e like me ka palaki ma ka ʻili, ʻo ka hohonu indentation kiʻekiʻe loa i loaʻa ma ka ikaika o 300 pN ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 50 nm, a ʻo ka waiwai modulus i loaʻa mai ka ʻikepili ma kahi o 400 kPa, kahi e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā waiwai o ka modulus a Young no nā mea nui.
ʻO ka modulus hoʻopili ʻike ʻia (kPa) vs. ka hohonu indentation (nm) no nā substrates lehfilcon A CL a me SiHy me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano nanoindentation AFM me ke geometry cone-sphere e ana i ka modulus.
ʻO ka ʻili luna loa o ka ʻano palaki polymer lālā biomimetic hou e hōʻike ana i kahi modulus haʻahaʻa loa o ka elasticity (2-3 kPa). E kūlike kēia me ka hopena kau manuahi o ka palaki polymer forked e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi STEM. ʻOiai aia kekahi mau hōʻike o ka modulus gradient ma ka lihi o waho o ka CL, ʻoi aku ka mana o ka substrate modulus kiʻekiʻe nui. Eia nō naʻe, aia ka 100 nm o luna o ka ʻili i loko o 20% o ka lōʻihi holoʻokoʻa o ka palaki polymer lālā, no laila he mea kūpono ke manaʻo he pololei nā waiwai i ana ʻia o ka modulus ma kēia pae hohonu indentation a ʻaʻole hilinaʻi nui i ka hopena o ka mea lalo.
Ma muli o ka hoʻolālā biomimetic kū hoʻokahi o nā aniani hoʻopili lehfilcon A, i haku ʻia me nā ʻano palaki polymer PMPC lālā i hoʻopili ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili o nā substrates SiHy, he mea paʻakikī loa ke wehewehe pono i nā waiwai mechanical o ko lākou mau ʻano ʻili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano ana kuʻuna. Maanei mākou e hōʻike nei i kahi ʻano nanoindentation AFM holomua no ka wehewehe pololei ʻana i nā mea palupalu loa e like me lefilcon A me ka nui o ka wai a me ka elasticity kiʻekiʻe loa. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻano hana ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe AFM nona ka nui o ka piko a me ke geometry i koho pono ʻia e hoʻohālikelike i nā ana kūkulu o nā hiʻohiʻona ʻili palupalu loa e paʻi ʻia. ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o nā ana ma waena o ka probe a me ke ʻano e hāʻawi i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike, e hiki ai iā mākou ke ana i ka modulus haʻahaʻa a me nā waiwai elastic kūlohelohe o nā mea palaki polymer lālā, me ka nānā ʻole i nā hopena poroelastic. Ua hōʻike nā hopena he haʻahaʻa loa ka modulus elastic (a hiki i ka 2 kPa) a me ka elasticity kiʻekiʻe loa (kokoke i ka 100%) i ka wā i hoʻāʻo ʻia ai i loko o kahi ʻano wai. Ua ʻae pū nā hopena o ka nanoindentation AFM iā mākou e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka modulus contact/depth gradient (30 kPa/200 nm) o ka ʻili lens biomimetic. Hiki i kēia gradient ke kumu o ka ʻokoʻa modulus ma waena o nā pulumu polymer branched a me ka substrate SiHy, a i ʻole ke ʻano/density branched o nā pulumu polymer, a i ʻole ka hui pū ʻana o ia mau mea. Eia nō naʻe, pono nā haʻawina hohonu hou aʻe e hoʻomaopopo piha i ka pilina ma waena o ke ʻano a me nā waiwai, ʻoiai ka hopena o ka lālā ʻana o ka pulumu ma nā waiwai mechanical. Hiki i nā ana like ke kōkua i ke ʻano o nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻili o nā mea palupalu loa a me nā mea lapaʻau.
Loaʻa nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia a/a i ʻole i kālailai ʻia i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana o kēia manawa mai nā mea kākau like ʻole ma ke noi kūpono.
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